Breast Conditions Breast disease presents in a variety of forms as lumps, breast pain, nipple discharge, breast ulcers, or eczema. BREAST ABSCESS This condition is common during lactation, especially the second week of puerperium, and during pregnancy. It rarely occurs…
Anorectal Conditions Clinical Features There is pain usually on defecation that prevents proper sitting and causes immobility(commonly due to abscess, thrombosed haemorrhoids, or acute fissure-in-ano). Painless bleeding is commonly due to haemorrhoids but may be due to colorectal carcinoma.…
INGUINAL HERNIA Inguinal hernia is an extension of the processus vaginalis, which fails to close during foetal development. Through this opening abdominal content can herniate to varying extents into the inguinal canal and scrotal sac. The communicating type is the…
During development, the gastrointestinal tract first develops into a tube that later canalizes. Failure of this process during any stage may result in intestinal atresia, which can affect any section of the bowel and can have varying degrees of severity.…
Clinical Features Start classically with diffuse abdominal pain felt most prominently in the peritoeumblical area. There is anorexia and nausea. Vomiting may follow. Pain then settles in the right lower quadrant and is localized at McBurney’s point. The pain…
This is inflammation of the peritoneum. Appreciate that peritonitis could be due to Tuberculosis and could also be aseptic. The aseptic type is usually due to chemical irritants like pancreatic juices, etc. Peritonitis usually ends up producing adhesions that…
Clinical Features In infants, suspect bowel obstruction if: No meconium is evacuated within the first 24 hours of birth. There is a green or bilious vomiting. There is abdominal distension. In older children and adults, suspect bowel obstruction if: There…
Abdominal Conditions ACUTE ABDOMEN Acute abdomen is a clinical term used to describe a syndrome that usually incorporates symptoms and signs in the abdomen. Central to the syndrome is severe, acute abdominal pain. The term” acute abdomen” is a…
Spinal injury could involve soft tissues(muscles and ligaments), bones(vertebrae and discs), and neural tissue(spinal cord and nerves). It is important for primary assessment to establish the presence of an injury and initiate immediate treatment to avoid worsening either the…
With the high number of road traffic accidents and assaults, this is a fairly common injury. Early and proper management is critical in order to avoid death and long-term morbidity. Investigations Radiological information of CT scan is usually more…
